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• Aachenand Lothar IV of France and Ottonians , , , , ,

  Aachen capitulary Aachen Gospels , , , , Aaron of Bulgaria�Abbāsid caliphate

  and Byzantine empire decline and Khazars

  Abbo of Fleury , , , , –, school

  �Abd Allāh b. al-Mans.ūr �Abd Allāh b. Muh. ammad –�Abdal-Malik al-Muz.affar –, , �Abd al-Rah. mān II �Abd al-Rah. mānIII , –,

  and army , –, and bureaucracy and Byzantium as caliph conquests, –and Ibn H. afs.un –and jihād and León , , –, , and Madı̄natal-Zahrā and North Africa –, and Otto I –, and Pamplona-Navarre ,and sā�ifah ,

  �Abd al-Rah. mān (Sanchuelo) , –, �Abda (wife of al-Mans.ūr)Abingdon abbey , , , –Abodrites

  and Arnulf of Carinthia and Henry II

  and Otto I , , and Otto II and Otto III and statehood andTheophanu

  Abraham of Freising , Abū Firās Abū�l-H. azm b. JahwarAbū’l-Qāsim , –Abū Sa�ı̄d Mūsā b. Ah. mad al-D. ayf AbūYazı̄d –Acfred of Aquitaine , , Acheloos, battle () , , , Acton, J.xivAdalbero of Augsburg , Adalbero (Ascelin) of Laon

  and Charles of Lotharingia and Cluniac monasticism –, –and HughCapet and Ottonians , and Robert II and society

  Adalbero I of Metz –, , , , Adalbero II of Metz , , , Adalberoof Rheims –, –,

  and Hugh Capet , Adalbero of Trier Adalbert I of Tuscany ,Adalbert II of Tuscany Adalbert Azzo of Canossa , , Adalbert ofIvrea , Adalbert of Magdeburg , , , , Adalbert of Metz –, Adalbertof St Maximin see Adalbert of

  MagdeburgAdalbert (son of Berengar II) –, , ,

  INDEX

  Note: Page references in italics refer to maps, and those inbold type main discussions of central topics.Concepts such asaristocracy, kingship or trade are indexed as general topics andalso under individualregions, states, principalities and duchies.Index compiled by Meg Davies, Registered Indexer, SocietyofIndexers

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• Index

  Adalbert Vojtech of Prague , and Boleslav Chrobry , burial ,canonisation , , , martyrdom , , and Otto III , and Stephen ofHungary ,

  Adalbert of Weissenberg see Adalbert ofMagdeburg

  Adaldag of Hamburg-Bremen , , Adalward of Verden Adam ofBremen

  and the church –and Otto I and trade ,

  Adela (wife of William III of Aquitaine) Adelaide, abbess ofQuedlinburg , –, Adelaide of Burgundy

  and Otto II and Otto III , –, as wife of Lothar of Italy , , –,,

  –, as wife of Otto I , , , , ,

  –, Adelaide of Poitou (wife of Hugh Capet) ,

  , , Adelaide (wife of Géza of Hungary) Adelaide (wife of Louisthe Blind) Adelaide (wife of Richard le Justicier) Adelaide-Blanche(wife of Louis V and William

  of Provence) , , Adelferius of Amalfi Adelman of LiègeAdgaelbert (Babenberger) Adhegrinus (hermit) Adhémar of Chabannes ,,

  and Aquitaine , and Charles the Great and Hungary and Peace ofGod movements

  Adhémar of Poitou administration

  and episcopacy local ,

  Adosinda Gutiérrez (wife of Ramiro II) Adso of Montier-en-Der –,, ,

  Epistola de ortu et tempore Antichristi and Otto II

  Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder) Ælfhere of Mercia ,Ælfric

  Colloquy, and merchants , and monarchy , as scholar

  Ælfthryth, and church reforms Ælfweard of Wessex , ÆlfwoldÆlfwyn of Mercia

  Æthelflæd (wife of Æthelred of Mercia) ,, –,

  Æthelred I of Wessex Æthelred II (‘the Unready’) of England

  coinage and mints , flight , and royal authority , andsuccession , tolls and Viking raids –

  Æthelred of Merciaand Alfred the Great and Edward the Elder , ,–law-code ,

  Æthelstan ‘Half-King’ , , , Æthelstan of Wessex

  and aristocracy charters , –, , coinage , , , intellectual life, as king of the Anglo-Saxons , as king of the English , ,–law-code , and Louis IV , and Mercia –and the north of England–and Northumbria and Otto I and relics and succession , –

  Æthelweard (ealdorman), Chronicon , , , n.,

  Æthelwine of East Anglia , Æthelwold (æthling), and Edward theElder

  –Æthelwold of Winchester , ,

  and Æthelred the Unready Benedictional , , and church music andEdgar –, , and monastic reform , –as scholar ,

  Agapitus II, pope , , Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)Aghlabid dynasty

  in North Africa in Sicily –

  Agilbert of Saint-Ricquier Agilolfing dukes , Agnes, empress(wife of Henry III) , agriculture

  arable –, and crop rotation and field pattern , , andhunter-gatherers , , –,

  –and land-clearing –and nomadism ,

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• agriculture (cont.)production levels , and settlement patternsslash-and-burn –, and stock-rearing , , –, , , subsistence , –

  Ah. mad al-Akh. al Ah. mad b. al-H. asan al-Kalbı̄ Ahtum-Ajtonyof Hungary –, Aimard of Cluny Aimerud of Auvergne (wife of BorrellII of

  Barcelona) Aimo of Auxerre Aimo of Fleury, De gestis regumFrancorum Aion of Capua Akilia of León Alaholfings Alan I the Greatof Brittany Alan II Barbetorte –, Alans , , , Alawich II ofReichenau Alberic II of Rome

  and monastic reform , and Otto I and papacy , ,

  Alberic of Spoleto , Albert of Vermandois , Aldred of BamboroughAlemannia see SuabiaAleppo, and Byzantium –, Aleram of Piedmont ,Alexander II, Emperor

  and Symeon of Bulgaria –Alfonso II of León, and intellectuallife Alfonso III of the Asturias , Alfonso IV of León –, Alfonso Vof León , –, –Alfonso of Castile, and Aquitaine Alfred theGreat

  and Æthelred of Mercia and amicitia and kingdom of England , andlaw-code , and London , and royal marriages , and Scandinavia andtranslations , , and urban development

  �Alı̄ b. H. ammūd Allan III of Rennes allodialists

  and castle-building and landholding –, , , , , and seigneurie–

  AlmeriaFatimid attack , and Slav leaders –

  and trade Almish ibn Shilkı̄ (Yuktawār; Bulgar leader) Almos ofHungary –Aloara of Capua Alpert of Metz, and merchants , Alsace

  and Arnulf and Henry II and Magyar campaigns and monastic reformand Otto I as part of Alemannia/Suabia

  Althing of Iceland Althoff, Gerd –Amalfi

  and Byzantium , , , and co-rulers and intellectual life –andLombardy and princely authority , , and Saracen attack and trade ,–, , –, –, –,

  , Amatus of Monte Cassino Ambrosius Autpert amicitia (politicalfriendship) –, , ,

  , , and Henry I , , –, and Otto I , , , ,

  Anastasius the Librarian Anastasius of Sens ancestors, andsettlement patterns –al-Andalus , –

  agriculture Christian population , and local autonomy –, –, –,and Sicily trade , –, see also �Abd al-Rah. mān; Córdoba;Seville

  Andernach, battle () –, Andregoto Galindex (wife of GarcíaSánchez I)

  Andrew I of Hungary, marriage Andrew of Fleury –AndronikosDoukas , , angels, in art and literature Angilberga (wife of LouisII) Angilberga (wife of William I of Aquitaine)

  –Angilram of Saint-Riquier Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , , ,

  and Æthelred the Unready , and Æthelstan and Eadred and Edmundand Edward the Elder , and Wulfstan of York

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• Index

  Anglo-Saxon language Anglo-Saxons, kingdom –, –animals

  for draught and stock-rearing , –,

  Anjouand Aquitaine –, armies –and Blois and Brittany , , andCapetians –, , , and castle-building and charters and the churchand continuity with Carolingian patterns ,

  , , emergence , , –expansion , , –and independent castellanries–and princely ideology –, –and respect for kingship and warfare

  Anna (wife of Louis of Provence) , Anna Porphyrogenita (wife ofVladimir) , Annales Bertiniani annales tradition , –Annalista Saxo, Annals of Fulda , –, Ansegis, capitularies , Anskar ofHamburg-Bremen –Anskar of Ivrea , Antichrist , , –anti-semitismAntioch, and Byzantium , , , , aprisio/aprisionarii (Catalonia,Languedoc) , ,

  , , Apulia

  and Byzantium , , , –, , ,, –,

  and Capua-Benevento –and the church –and Henry II Latinpopulation , –and Magyar attacks , and Otto II , , and Otto III andSaracen attacks , –

  Aquitaineand Angevins –, and aristocracy , , , and Carolingianinheritance , , and Catalonia , and Charles the Bald and Charlesthe Simple , –, and coinage dukes , –, , , , and Gascony –,

  and Hugh Capet , –and Hugh the Great , , , ,

  –and Lothar IV , –, and Louis IV –and Louis V –and Magyarattacks , and monastic reform , , , –and Odo of West Francia , andprincely authority –, –, –,

  and Radulf , , , and Robert II of France , , and Roman law androyal authority sources –and West Francia

  Arab–Khazar wars Aragon see Pamplona-NavarreAragonta González(wife of Ordoño II) Arbo, margrave archaeology

  and castles –and consumption contribution and family patternsand necropolises and settlement patterns , , , , , ,

  and urban development ,

  archbishoprics –archbishops , archdeacons –, Archembold of Sensarchitecture –

  Byzantine church , –, Romanesque , urban

  Ardennes counts , Arduin of Ivrea () , , , Arduin of Ivrea () ,–

  and Henry II –as king of Italy –

  Aribert of Milan , Aribo (fidelis of Otto III), and markets–arimanni , aristocracy

  and the church , , –, clerical , and clientele , and cults ofsaints and endogamy and family consciousness , –, , fortifiedresidences , , , –‘imperial’ and inheritance ,

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• aristocracy (cont.)and kingship –, , , –, , and marriagealliances , , , and religious patronage , , and royal government asseparate from society , and the towns –and trade see alsocounts/countship; dux; lordship;

  marchiones; principesArles, kingdom see Burgundy, imperialarmati(warriors) Armenia

  and Bulgaria –and Byzantium , , ,

  armies see Byzantium; cavalry; Córdoba; EastFrancia; Hungary;Saxony

  Arnold of Gascony , Arnulf I of Flanders

  and castles , and Charles the Simple , and Lothar IV and LouisIV –and monastic reform , and Normandy and Otto I and Radulf ofWest Francia , and territory ,

  Arnulf II of Flanders , Arnulf, Count Palatine Arnulf of Bavaria, –

  and Bohemia and Conrad I , –and Henry I , –and Italy , , , –andMagyars , , , –, , ,

  and Otto I , , quasi-regal rule –and Regensburg ,

  Arnulf of Carinthia, Emperorand Bavaria –, , and Bulgaria andBurgundy and Carolingian empire and core regions –and Hungary –, asimperial overlord –, , , and Italy , , and Pannonia papalcoronation

  Arnulf of Halberstadt Arnulf II of Milan , , , Arnulf of Rheims, Arpád of Hungary , , Arpads, in Hungary , , , art –, , –

  precious objects –see also architecture; manuscripts,illuminated

  Artald of Rheims , , , , Ascoli, battle () Ashot III of ArmeniaAsia Minor

  Byzantine successes –, –, –, and Saracen raids , , ,

  Askold of Rus′Asparukh (Bulgar leader) Asselt treaty ()assemblies –

  in Saxony –Asser, Life of King Alfred , Astrik of Bamberg ,Asturia

  and intellectual life and León –, , , ,

  Atenulf I of Capua –, Atenulf II of Capua , Atenulf III of Capua, Atenulf of Monte Cassino Atienza, battle () , Ato of Vic Atto ofVercelli, Polypticum quod appellatur

  perpendiculum Augustine of Hippo, St , Austria seeCarinthiaautarky, Byzantine authority

  episcopal , –, monastic , papal , –, privatisation –public, andcastle-building royal , , –, –,

  autobiographyand hagiography , and historiography –,

  Auvergneand castle-building and monastic reform and populationincrease sources ,

  Auzias, Leonce Avar khaganate , , , –

  and Islamic lands, see Sicilysee also Hungary

  Aventine,

  Babenbergersin Bavarian marches , , –, in eastern Franconia,

  Bachrach, Bernard , Badajoz, leadership , , Bādı̄s (Ziridruler) Baghdad, and Byzantium –

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

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• Index

  Bakay, Kornél –Balderic of Speyer Balderic of Utrecht , BaldwinI of Flanders Baldwin II (‘Iron Arm’) of Flanders

  and Alfred the Great and Charles the Simple –and the church andexpansion of territory

  Baldwin III of Flanders Baldwin IV of Flanders , , , ,

  Balkans

  and Bulgars , and Khazar khaganate and Magyar attacks and Rus′and south Slavs see also Bulgaria; Byzantium

  Balticand trade , –, –, urban settlements , –

  Balts, and Rus′ , –, , , ban , , bannum , Banū �Abbād BanūBirzā Banū Qası̄ , –Banū Razı̄n , , Banū Zannūn , , , ,–Banū�l-Aftas Banū�l-H. ajjāj , Barcelona

  and al-Andalus and the church Córdoban attack , , counts , , , ,, and importation of gold , and slave trade supremacy –and WestFrancia , , , see also Catalonia

  Bardas Phokas , , , –Bardas Skleros –Barno of Toul Baronius, C.Barraclough, Geoffrey Bashkirs Basil I, Byzantine emperor , , ,

  and Bulgaria piety ,

  Basil II, Byzantine emperor and Bulgaria , , –, , ,

  –and the church death , and kingship

  and landowners –and rebellion of Bardas Skleros –and slavery andVenice , and Vladimir of Rus′ –as war leader –, , –,

  Basil Boioannes, katepano of Italy –Basil Lekapenos,parakoimōmenos , , ,

  –Bates, David –Bautzen treaty () , Bavaria –

  and agriculture , aristocracy , , , , –and Arnulf of Carinthia–, , and Bohemia –, –, –, Carolingian inheritance –and change ofdynasty –and the church , , , , –

  bishops –monastic reform –, monasticism

  and Conrad I , , , –and Frankish unity , –and Henry I , , –andHenry II , , , , and Hungary –, , ,

  Magyar attacks , , , –, ,, , ,

  intellectual life –and Italy , and Moravia –, and Otto I , –, ,, –, and Otto II , , and Otto III and population increase as regnum, –, –, –and serfs and Slavs , spiritual life –see also Arnulf ofBavaria; Berthold of Bavaria;

  Carinthia; Eberhard of Bavaria; Henry Iof Bavaria; Henry II(‘the Quarrelsome’);Luitpolding dukes

  Bavarian Geographer –Beatrice (daughter of Hugh of Francia) ,,

  Beatus of Liébana Bede

  Historia ecclesiastica , and London

  Beleknegini of Transylvania (wife of Géza ofHungary)

  Belting, Hans Benedict IV, pope Benedict V, pope , Benedict VI,pope

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• Benedict VII, pope , Benedict VIII, pope , , , –, ,

  –Benedict IX, pope Benedict of Aniane , , , , , Benedict ofBenevento –Benedict Biscop, St Benedict of St Andrew, ChroniconBenedict of Soracte, Chronicon , Benevento see Capua-BeneventoBennoof Metz , , Berbers

  in al-Andalus , –, –, Kutāmah , , –in North Africa –, , , S.anhājā in Sicily –, –

  Berengar I of Friuli , and amicitia , and aristocracy –andArnulf of Carinthia , , and bishops , and Byzantium diplomata andHungarians , , and liturgy and Louis of Provence , and papacy , ,and Rudolf II of Burgundy –and Wido of Spoleto , –

  Berengar II of Italyand Adelaide (widow of Lothar) , andaristocracy , , –and Byzantium –and Hugh Capet and Hugh of Italy ,–and Hungary –and Liudprand of Cremona , , , ,

  and Otto I –, –, , –and papacy

  Berenguer Ramon of Barcelona , bernagium (tax) Bernard I ofSaxony –, , , Bernard II of Saxony , Bernard of Angers, Miraculasanctae Fidis , Bernard of Cahors Bernard of Gothia Bernard ofHalberstadt Bernard (margrave) BernardPlantvelueof Aquitaine , , ,Bernard Pons of Toulouse Bernard of Septimania (Gothia) , BernardWilliam of Gascony Bernat Tallaferro of Besalú , Berno of Cluny ,–, Berno of Reichenau

  Bernward of Hildesheim , , , , ,

  Bertha of Burgundy (wife of Odo of Blois andRobert II) , , ,

  Bertha of Suabia (wife of Rudolf II and Hugh ofItaly) , ,

  Bertha of Tuscany, margravine , Bertha (wife of Boso son ofRobold) Bertha (wife of Romanos II) –Berthold of Bavaria , , –,Berthold, Count, and markets Berthold of Reisenburg Berthold ofSuabia , –Bessmertniy, Y. L. Beumann, Helmut Bezprym (brother ofMiesco II) Biddle, M. Billung dukes , , , –, , ,

  –, –genealogical table

  biography, tenth-century , , Birka, and trade –, –birth rate,increase –Bischoff, Bernhard bishoprics –bishops –,

  and aristocracy , , and canon law –and immunities –and liturgy–and mission –Ottonian –pastoral role , , and property –, –, androyal authority secular role , , –, –, –, ,

  , spiritual role , –, –and trade –, –

  Black Bulgars Black Sea

  and Byzantium –, littoral settlements , –, trade

  Bloch, Marc , , n., Blois-Chartres-Tours

  and Anjou and Brittany , and Capetians , and castellanries andthe church , and continuity with Carolingian patterns ,

  , , emergence , , expansion , , –and princely ideology andwarfare

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• Index

  Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, Consolatio, , ,

  Bogomils –Bohemia , –, –

  and aristocracy –, , and Bavaria –, –, –, Christianisation , –,, , and the church ,

  bishops liturgy

  currency and East Francia –, , , , and Henry I , , –, and HenryII , –and Henry III historiography and kingship and localgovernment –and Moravia –, –, –, ,

  –and Otto I , and Otto II paucity of sources , and Poland , , ,–, –,

  –, –, prehistory –Premyslid rule

  and aristocracy crisis and reconstruction –, genealogical tableand unification –

  and Rus′ and seniorate , silver mines and society –sources , –,and state formation –and towns , –tribal geography –, unity seealso Boleslav I; Boleslav II; Boleslav III;

  Prague; Wenceslas of BohemiaBoleslav I of Bohemia

  and Christianisation and Czech expansion and Otto I andSilesia

  Boleslav II of Bohemiaand Christianisation and the church andCzech expansion and Otto II and Otto III , and Poland ,

  Boleslav III of Bohemiaand Boleslav Chrobry marriage

  Boleslav Chrobry of Poland , , –,–

  and amicitia and Bohemia , , –, capture of Kiev andChristianisation , , coronation , and Henry II , , and Hungarymarriage and monarchy and Otto III , , –, , , and Pomerani

  bondmen Boniface VII, antipope Boniface of Canossa , Boniface ofMainz Boniface of Spoleto Boniface of Tuscany Bonitus the SubdeaconBonn, Treaty () Bonnassie, Pierre , , Bonushom*o (notary) Book ofthe Eparch , , –, bookland , books

  illumination , , –, –, ornamentation , , , production , –, –, ,–

  Bordeaux, development Boris II of Bulgaria, and Byzantium –,Boris-Michael of Bulgaria , , –Borivoj of Bohemia borough, EnglandBorrell II of Barcelona

  and Córdoba and county of Urgell and Hugh Capet marriage andOtto I title –,

  Boso of Arles , , , , , Boso of Burgundy and Provence , ,

  and Charles the Bald –opposition to –and papacy

  Boso (son of Richard le Justicier) Boso (son of Robold) Bosonids, –, , , –, Bosporos, and Khazar khaganate , , Bouchard I ofVendôme Bouchard II of Vendôme Bouchard, Constance Brittain –,boundaries Boussard, J. bow and arrows Brandenburg, and trade

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• Braslav of Pannonia Bratislava, battle () , , , Brenta, battle ,Brescia, battle Bretislav I of Bohemia and Moravia –, ,

  , , Brihtsige (Mercian prince) Brisca (wife of William V ofAquitaine) Brittany

  and Anjou and Blois , , and Charles the Bald and the church andcontinuity with Carolingian patterns ,

  , dukes hunter-gatherer tribes and Normandy , –and princelyideology , and Robert II –and Viking attacks , , and West Francia,

  Brühl, Carlrichard , Brun of Augsberg see Gregory V, popeBrun ofCologne

  as chancellor , and the church , , , –, –,

  as duke of Lotharingia , , –, ,

  and Wichmann

  Brun of Langres , Brun of Querfurt

  and Henry II and Hungary and Life of Adalbert of Prague Vitaquinque fratrum

  Brun of Roucy Brun of Saxony Brunanburh, battle () , BruningBruningus of Asti , Brüske, W. Brussels, growth Budic of NantesBulcsú harka of Hungary , , Bulgaria –,

  and administration , and aristocracy and Byzantium , , –, –,,

  –, , , –Christianisation , –, , –and the church –, , , economyand Hungary , –, , , , –and Khazars , , and Macedonia , and Otto I,

  and papacy rulers , and Rus′ , –and Serbia , , and society–sources , –and Thrace –, , and trade , see also Boris-Michael;Kubrat; Peter; Symeon

  Bulgarophygon, battle () Bulgars

  Black Danubian , , and Khazars –in Russia see also Volga Bulgaramirate

  Bur, Michel Burchard of Raetia Burchard of the Reichenau, GestaWitigowonis Burchard of Suabia , , , Burchard of Thuringia Burchardof Worms

  and canon law collection , –and fortifications –, and liturgyand parishes

  Burghal Hidage burgi , Burgundy –,

  and aristocracy –and Capetian dynasty , –, Carolingianinheritance , and the church

  bishops , monastic reform , , ,

  and Conrad II , counts dukes French , –, –, , and Henry I –andHenry II , and Hugh the Great , , , imperial , , –, –, –, ,

  ; see also Provenceand intellectual life and Lothar of France ,, and Lotharingia and Magyars and Otto I –, –, –, paucity ofsources , and population increase and Radulf of West Francia , ,–,

  , , , and Robert II , , –see also Provence; Rudolfings

  burgwards , –burhs (England) –,

  www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge UniversityPress

  Cambridge University Press978-1-107-46058-4 - The New CambridgeMedieval History: Volume III c. 900–c. 1024Timothy ReuterIndexMoreinformation

  http://www.cambridge.org/9781107460584http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

• Index

  burialfreedom of monastic see also cemeteries

  Byrhtferth of Ramsey , Byrhtnoth of Essex , , Byzantium

  administration , –, –, –, and agriculture , army , , , –, –, –,,

  –, and Bulgaria , , –, –, ,

  –, , , –and Christianisation of Europe , , and the church

  liturgy , monasteries

  and coinage , , , and court ritual , , –, , , ,

  and Crimea , –, –, –and Croatia emperors in equilibrium–expansion –, –and filioque clause historiography –and Hugh ofItaly , –, and Hungary –, , –, , , ,

  –, –and industry and Islamic lands –, , and Khazars –, –,–law-codes , , –and marriage alliances , , , , monarchy , –andpeasantry , and population increase , , and post-Carolingiancultures provinces –, –, –, ; see also

  Asia Minor; Dyrrachium; Greece; Italy,southern; Macedonia;Thessalonika;Thrace

  and Rus′ , , –, , , and Saracen attacks –, and slavery sources ,, and taxation , , , , , towns , , and trade , , –, , , , –, ,

  , , , , and the west –

  Hungary –, , –, , , ,–, , –

  Lombardy , –, –, –, –and Otto I , –, , –, –and Otto II , –, ,,

  and Otto III , , –papacy , , , –, , –,

  –, –Venice –, , –and western Christians –see also Italy,southern; Sicily

  see also Basil II; Bulgaria; Constantine VIIPorphyrogenitus;Constantinople; fleet;Italy, southern; Leo VI; NikephorosPhokas;Romanos I Lekapenos

  Calabriaagriculture –Byzantine rule , , , , , ,

  , , Greek population , Latin population and Otto II , , , , ,and Otto III and Salerno –and Saracen attacks , , , , ,

  , –, , –caliphate see Baghdad; Córdoba; Fatimiddynastycalligraphy Calvus Zyrind (Michael) of Hungary , ,

  Cameron, Averil Candiano family of Venice Canigou, church of StMartin Cannae, battle () –cannibalism canon law , , –

  collections , –Canterbury, and support for monarchy , Capetiandynasty

  and Anjou –, , , and Burgundy , –, , and kingship , , , , –andsouthern principalities –, , ,

  –, capitularies

  Carolingian , , Ottonian , , ,

  Capo delle Colonne, battle () , , ,,

  Cappadocia, and Byzantium , , , Capua-Benevento

  and Apulia –and Byzantine claims , , and the church –,

  music and co-rulers –, and counts –and Henry II –andintellectual life , and Magyar attacks , and Muslim threat –

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• Capua-Benevento (cont.)and Otto I , , –, –and Otto II and OttoIII , , and papacy partition and unification –, , –,

  –and princely authority –, , –princes , and Spoleto ,

  Carinthiaand Bavaria , , –, –and Henry II and Venice

  Carloman of Bavaria and Italy , , –,, ,

  Carolingiansand capitularies , and Carolingian inheritance , ,,

  –, –, , and the church , , , , –,

  –, –and Frankish unity , , , and kingship –, , , –, –andnobility and tenth-century kingdoms –, –,

  and urban development see also Robertines

  cartularies , , –, Cashel, and overkingship Casimir I (‘theRestorer’) of Poland , Caslav of Serbia , castellans

  in Burgundy , , in Italy in northern principalities , –, andPeace of God movement in southern principalities , , , , in WestFrancia , ,

  Castileand Córdoba , , , , –, counts , frontiers history andLeón , , –, , –, –and Pamplona-Navarre –, –population movementssources

  castle-building see incastellamentoCatalonia –

  and agriculture , , , and al-Mans.ūr , , , –and Aquitaine , andaristocracy , , ,

  titles –and castle-building

  and Charles the Simple and the church , , , and coinage andCórdoba , , , –, councils Franks and Goths , , –history and HughCapet –, , , , , and importation of gold , , and landholding , , ,and Languedoc and Lothar IV , and monastic reform and nationalconsciousness and Odo of West Francia and Pamplona-Navarre andpapacy peasant communities population , , –and princely authority ,–, and Radulf of West Francia , and Roman inheritance –, , –androyal absence , , –, –, and rural society , , , , , , andSeptimania sources , , –and Spain towns and West Francia , see alsoBarcelona

  catepans see katepanocathedrals

  clergy , , , , –, and education , –, , and urban development

  cavalryByzantine , –, heavy , , , Magyar , , Ottonian , ,

  Cedynia (Zeden), battle () cemeteries –, centralisation, Englandcenturiation, Roman Champagne , , , –, , ; see also

  Blois-Chartres-Tourschanceries , , , , , , chant seemusicchapels, royal , , –, , chaplains, royal , , , –Charles II(‘the Bald’) of France

  and amicitia , , and Aquitaine and Brittany and Burgundy , –,and coinage and Flanders

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• Index

  and fortification and northern principalities and papacy

  Charles III (‘the Fat’), Emperor , , and Burgundy deposition , ,and papacy ,

  Charles III (‘the Simple’) of France , , and amicitia , andAquitaine , –, , and aristocracy –, , , , and Arnulf of Carinthiaand charters , death deposition , , , and Henry I , , and Lorraineand Lotharingia , , –, , and Neustria and Radulf of France ,recovery of kingship , –, and Robert I , –and Vikings in Normandy ,,

  Charles the Great , canonisation and church architecture andcultural development , and Italy , and justice and monastic reform, and Otto I , , and Otto III , , , , , and papacy , , andpolitical friendship and regionalisation and Saxony , ,

  Charles of Lorraine see Charles of LotharingiaCharles ofLotharingia

  and Hugh Capet , –, , , and Lothar IV of France , , and Normandyand Otto II , , –, –

  Charles Martel, and Aquitaine Charles of Provence Charles theSimple see Charles III (‘the Simple’)

  of FranceCharles-Constantine of Provence , , –,

  , charters

  papal as sources –, , , , –,

  Chartres, battle (?) , Cherson

  and Byzantium , , , and Khazars –as trade centre –,

  Christianisation of Europe , , , –

  Christianity, Latinand Frankish unity , and Islam and Slavs,

  Christianity, Orthodoxin the Balkans , –, in Rus′ –

  Christopher Lekapenos , , Chrodegang of Metz chronica genre –,–, –Chronicle of Alfonso III Chronicle of Sampiro , , , , , ,

  –Chronicon pictum Chronicon Salernitanum , , , , church –

  and aristocracy , , –, and Carolingian inheritance , , –,

  imperial –, and kingship –, –, –, , ,

  and landholdings , , , , –, –and legislation –and localism –,organisation –, –and reform , –, , , , –, and seigneurie andservitude see also councils; episcopacy; monasticism;

  papacychurch and state –

  in East Francia , in England in Italian kingdom and missionaryendeavours –in West Francia , ,

  churchesarchitecture , –, estate imperial , , –, proprietary andurban development –, –, and villages –see also liturgy; parish

  Cicinnius Cilento, N. n.Cilicia, and Byzantine conquests–Cistercian order cities, Roman, in England , city, episcopal ,,

  in France in Italy –in Lotharingia

  civitates, economic development , , –, ,,

  clan (Sippe) , ,

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• Clarius (chronicler) Clement II, pope Clement of Ochrid, andSymeon of Bulgaria

  –, –, , clergy

  cathedral , , , , –, parish –purity and royal rituals , see alsobishops

  clientele , climate

  fluctuation improvement ,

  Clunyarchives , , , and confraternity –, , foundation , , , ,and hagiography and liturgy , and monastic reform , –, , –,

  , , and public order and Radulf of West Francia

  cnu*tand Aquitaine and England , , , law-code

  Coblenz, council () , –, Codex Wittekindeus , coinage –,

  comital princely –, , , , , and royal government , , , , ,

  and trade , and urban development , see also copper; gold;money; silver

  Collins, Roger –colloquia, in Saxony –, Cologne

  diocese , –growth ,

  comes/comites see counts/countshipcommerce seetradecommunication

  improvement –symbolic/non-verbal –see also literacy

  communications, and Otto I concords (convenientiae), as sourcesconfraternities, urban coniurationes , –Connacht, and overkingshipConon I of Brittany Conrad I, king of East Francia , –

  and amicitia

  and Bavaria , , , –consecration , , , and Henry I , , and Magyarattack –, regalia

  Conrad II, Emperorand Bavaria and Bohemia and Burgundy ,election –and Hungary and Italy , and kingship and monastic reformand Poland , and trade

  Conrad of Auxerre Conrad of Constance Conrad the Elder Conradthe Red of Lotharingia , , ,

  , Conrad of Suabia , Conrad (‘the Pacific’) of Burgundy

  and Adelaide of Germany and Lothar of France and Otto I –, ,–paucity of records and Provence , ,

  Conradine dukesand Carolingian rulers , –genealogical table andHenry I , , and Henry II and Lotharingia , , , and Otto I and OttoII

  consecration, royal conservatism, and custom Constance of Arles(wife of Robert II) , ,

  , Constantine II of Scotland

  and Æthelstan of Wessex and royal cult-centres

  Constantine VII Porphyrogenitusand court ceremonial , crisis of, death and diplomacy and Hungary , –, and Italy and law –, andlearning –legitimacy , –, , marriage , –and piety and Polish tribesand regency –,

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• Index

  and Romanos Lekapenos –, and Saif al-Dawlah –and Sicily andSymeon of Bulgaria –, , see also De administrando imperio

  Constantine VIII Porphyrogenitus Constantine Doukas ,Constantine Gongylios –Constantine Lekapenos , Constantine ofPreslav , Constantinople

  Bulgar attacks , , –as imperial centre , –Magyar attackpopulation , and Rus′ size , , and trade , ,

  Constitutio romana () consuetudines , –, , consumption, levels ,, , , control, social

  and bishops and castle-building –

  conventus , Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum copper, ascoinage Córdoba

  abolition of caliphate –, , , , administration , –, , , , –army, –, –, , –

  Berbers , –, –, and militia –Negro troops Slav troops –, , , ,–,

  –caliphs , –, , and Catalonia , , , , –, and Christian states ,–, ; see also

  Catalonia; León; Pamplona-Navarrecoinage , growth , , , andIslam and jihād , , and literature and Magyar attack and muwallads–and North Africa –, sack () –siege (‒) , and slave trade , sourcesand trade –see also �Abd al-Rah. mān III; al-Andalus; Al-

  H. akam; Hishām IIcore and periphery, and historiographyCorinth, wealth

  corruptionand the church papal –

  corvée , Cosmas of Prague , Cosmas the Priest, Treatise againstthe Bogomils –Cotrone, battle see Capo delle Colonnecouncils,church

  and Carolingian councils –and cults of saints –and legislation ,–and Peace of God movement , , ,

  –, , rarity

  country life –counts/countship

  administrative role and allodial lands in Bavaria , –in Burgundy–, –in East Francia and inheritance –in Italian kingdom , –, –, inLeón , , –in Lotharingia , , , –in Provence , –in Saxony , , , insouthern Italy –in West Francia , , , , –

  northern principalities –, –southern principalities , , , ,

  , –, –, , , –courts (judicial)

  borough hundred shire –, ,

  courts (royal)as artistic centres , –Byzantine , Carolingian asintellectual centres , –Islamic itinerant , and manners

  Cracovia, and Bohemia and Poland Cracow

  Bohemian capture and the church –and Miesco I as Polish capital, and trade

  craftsin al-Andalus in Flanders in Germany in Italy , inScandinavia –

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• Crescentii family , and Otto II , and Otto III , and papacy , ,,

  Crescentius II , , , –Crete, and Byzantium , –, –, ,

  , Crimea

  and Byzantium , –, –, –and Hungarians and Khazars settlement–

  Croatiaand Bohemia and Bulgaria , , and ByzantiumChristianisation –unification

  Cronica di Cambridge crop rotation crowns, importance , , , ,cult-centres, royal , , –, , ,

  , –culture

  antique Byzantine , , –elite , Islamic urban , –, and schools –,written

  curtes , , , custom

  and conservatism and lordship ,

  Cuthbert, St , , Cyprus, Byzantine conquest Cyril-Constantine,St , , Czechs , ; see also Bohemia; Prague

  Daleminzi attacks on

  Dalmatiaand Bavaria , and papacy , and Venice

  danegeld , , Danelaw

  and trade and Wessex , , , , –

  Danzig, development Daugmale, development David Curopalates ofTao , , De administrando imperio , –, , ,

  , De thematibus , dead, commemoration –, , –deans –

  Decani tribe demography see populationDenmark

  Christianisation , , , , and England , , –and Henry I andkingship

  royal government , , –, royal ritual –, , ,

  and Norway and papacy see also Harald Bluetooth

  Derevlianians, and Rus′ , , demesne lands –, Dhondt, J. , , , ,, , Dhū’l-Nūnids , –, , –dialectic , Díaz y Díaz, Manuel DidacticGospel-Book Diego Muñoz of Saldaña diet , –, Dietrich I of UpperLotharingia , Dietrich (brother of Miesco II) Dietrich, margarve –,, , , ,

  Dietrich of Metz , Dietrich of Trier differentiation, social , ,dioceses , diplomata, and kingship , , –, , Dir of Rus′ districtio,in Italy , districtus, in Italy , , , , Dobrava (wife of Miesco I), Docibilis I of Gaeta Docibilis II of Gaeta Dodwell, C. R.Domesday Book , –, , domestics (Dienstmänner) Donation ofConstantine , Donatus, Ars minor Dortmund, growth Drahomira (wifeof Vratislav I) drama

  by women , –liturgical , , –

  dress, and ‘house’ druzhina (levy) Dublin

  excavation and trade , , as Viking kingdom , , ,

  Duby, Georges , , , , –duch*esne, A. n.Dudo of Saint-Quentin ,,

  Historia Normannorum Dufour, Jean

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• Index

  duke/duchy see duxDulebi tribe Dumas-Dubourg, F. Dunbabin, Jean–, , Dunstan of Canterbury

  and Eadred –and Eadwig –and Edgar , and Edmund letters Life ,and the papacy , as scholar

  duxin Bavaria –, –, –in East Francia , , in Hungary in Italy inLotharingia in Saxony , –, in West Francia ,

  northern principalities , , , ,

  southern principalities , , , –,, , –, ,

  Dyfed, kingdom, and royal government –dynasties, ruling –,Dyrrachium

  Bulgarian capture , , , Byzantine capture , ,

  Eadgifu (wife of Edward the Elder) , , Eadgifu (wife of Heribertthe Old) Eadhild (wife of Hugh of Neustria) , Eadred of England

  charters –and the church –as king of the English and Northumbria–and royal government , and Scotland will –

  Eadric Streona Eadwig of England

  and burning of Ripon charters , , –and the church and divisionof the kingdom –and Dunstan of Canterbury –and Edgar as king of theEnglish

  Eadwine (æthling) ealdormen (England) , , East Anglia

  and Æthelwold and Edward the Elder , and royal government

  East Franciaand aristocracy –, , , –, –army –, , and art andBohemia –, , , , and book production –Carolingian rulers –, –, andthe church

  and bishops –, –, –, , and councils and liturgy –and monasticism, , –, –

  and eastward expansion , –, –and historiography , –, , , –andintellectual life , , –, –kingdom kingship , –, –,

  and the church , and government , –, and royal ritual –, –andtitle , , , , , , ,

  and landholding and Lotharingia –, –, and markets , and papacyand Poland , , –, –, , ,

  , and population increase regionalisation , , –silver mines ,sources , , , and towns –trade , –, see also Bavaria; Franconia;Germany; Henry II;

  Lotharingia; Otto I; Saxony; Suabia;Thuringia

  Ebbo of Déols Eberhard of Bavaria , , Eberhard of Einsiedeln–Eberhard of Franconia, and Otto I , ,

  –Eberwin, abbot Ebles Manzer of Poitou , Ecbasis cuiusdam pertropologiam economy

  and Carolingian inheritance growth , , –, , –

  economy, rural , –and agriculture –, –and coinage –and family asbasic unit of production –and landholding , –and markets , , , andtechnology –

  economy, urbanof Byzantium –, –

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• economy, urban (cont.)of Islamic lands –and lordship –see alsomarkets; trade

  Edessa, and Byzantium –, , Edgar of England

  and aristocracy capitularies and Carolingian kingship charters–and the church

  bishops monastic reform –, , reforms , –

  and coinage and division of the kingdom –and Eadwig –andGlastonbury , and intellectual life law-codes –marriage mints asoverlord and succession

  Edith (wife of Otto I) , , Edmund of the East Angles Edmund ofEngland ,

  and the church , as king of the Anglo-Saxons as king of theEnglish and Louis IV and Northumbria

  Edmund Ironside, succession bid education

  and the church , –, , –and classical authors curriculum –

  Edward the Elderand Æthelwold and aristocracy and charters ,–coinage , , coronation and the Danes –, –as king of theAnglo-Saxons –, and Mercia , –and royal government and sources ,–and succession and urban development ,

  Edward the Martyrdeath and social disorder –and succession

  Egbert of Trier –, –, , , ,

  Egil’s Saga

  EgyptFatimid rule , , , , , and Jews and trade , Tulunidrule

  Eigenkirchen Einold of Gorze , Einold of Toul , –Einsiedelnmonastery , Eirik Bloodaxe Ekbert (‘the One-Eyed’) of Saxony , ,,

  –Ekbert of Westfalia , Ekkehard I of Meissen

  death as duke of Thuringia imperial aspirations , , –and Poland, ,

  Ekkehard I of St GallenVita sanctae Wiboradae Vita Walthariimanufortis –

  Ekkehard IV of St Gallen Ekkehard ‘son of Liudolf ’ Elbe Slavssee Slavselection

  abbatial , , episcopal , , , –, , , ,

  , , papal –, , royal ,

  Bavaria Burgundy , , , , East Francia , –, , , –,

  , –, England Saxony –, , –West Francia , , –, , , ,

  Elvira Menéndez (wife of Ordoño II) Elvira Ramírez (daughter ofRamiro II)

  as regent , , Elvira (wife of Vermudo II), as regent –Ely abbey, , –Emma of Provence (wife of William II of

  Toulouse) Emma (wife of Boleslav II) Emma (wife of Lothar ofFrance) , , Emma (wife of Louis the German) Emma (wife of Radulf ofWest Francia) ,

  , Emma (wife of William IV of Aquitaine) empire

  and Arnulf of Carinthia –and monarchy –and papacy –, , , –,,

  –, –, –and Rome , –

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• Index

  emporia, tradingEnglish , German Mediterranean –Scandinavian ,,

  encellulement (regrouping)ecclesiastical intellectual andlandownership , –, –and rise of the seigneurie , , –

  endogamy, and aristocracy , Engilberga (wife of William II ofAquitaine) England –,

  and administration , and agriculture , , aristocracy , –, , –, ,,

  armies and assemblies and book production , , and Carolingianinheritance , , , and castle-building and centralisation , charters, , , –, –, ,

  –and the church

  bishops –, , –cult of Virgin Mary monastic reforms –, –, , ,

  monasticism , , –, –music organisation reforms , –,

  and coinage , , , , , , ,,

  division of the kingdom –, historiography , –, , –as imperialrealm , , and intellectual life –, , , kings and kingship –, –,

  revenues –ritual , , royal government , , –, , ,

  , –, succession titles , , , –, , , ,

  –and literacy and Normandy and Norway and peasantry andpopulation increase regionalisation and rural society , , , andScandinavia ,

  and Scotland –, , , , and serfs sources , , –, , , –, –,

  –and towns –, trade , , , , ,

  with France with Germany with Scandinavia , –

  unification , , , and Viking raids ‒, , –and Wales –, –, , seealso Æthelstan; Alfred the Great; Danelaw;

  Eadwig (‘All-Fair’); East Anglia; Edgar;Edward the Elder;Mercia; Northumbria;Wessex

  environment, reorganisation –, –Eohric of Denmark episcopacy,and papacy Eraclius of Liège , Erchanger of Suabia –, –Erchempert,Historia Langobardorum

  Beneventanorum , Erdmann, Carl Erfurt, synod () , Ermengald ofRouergue , Ermengard (wife of Adalbert of Ivrea) , Ermengard (wifeof Boso of Burgundy and

  Provence) , –Ermengard (wife of Rudolf III) Ermengol of Urgell ,, Ermentrude of Mâcon Ermessent of Barcelona Ermogius of TuyErmoldus Nigellus eschatology

  and the millennium , , –, , and monarchy –

  Essen nunnery, Ottonian treasure –estates, large

  disintegration –and labour service size ,

  Esztergom (capital of Hungary) , , ethnicity

  and kingship and southern principalities –

  Eu, battle () Eudes see OdoEugenius Vulgarius Europe

  and Byzantium –Christianisation and Islamic lands , –and trade–, –urban culture

  Everger of Cologne

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• exchange, and money –, , exogamy Ezzo, count palatine of theRhine

  fairs Falicsi of Hungary Falkenhausen, V. von n.familia , , ,–

  cathedral , family

  aristocratic , –, extended nuclear , –, , , , , royal –size ,see also clan

  famines –, , , , Fatimid dynasty

  and Bulgaria and caliphate in Egypt , , , , , in North Africa ,, –, , –in Sicily –and trade

  Faucembergues, battle () –fear

  of the dead Feldgraswirtschaft feodum Fernán González of Castile–, , Fernando I of Castile-León Fernando I of Pamplona-NavarreFernando Ansúrez of Castile feudalism

  Carolingian , , origins , –, , and the rich –, and serfdom –, ,in West Francia , , ,

  Fichtenau, H. , , , fideles/fidelitas ,

  in East Francia , –in southern Italy in Spain in Venice in WestFrancia –, –

  northern principalities , , –,,

  southern principalities –, Fides of Conques, St, libermiraculorum field patterns

  and centuriation strip farming ,

  Finno-Ugrian language, and Magyar Finno-Ugrian peoples , –, ,,

  Fiorenzuola d’Arda, battle () , fishing industry –

  Flandersand agriculture and Charles the Simple and thechurch

  bishops monastic reform , , , and schools

  and continuity with Carolingian patterns ,, ,

  counts , and expansionism , and independent castellanries andLothar IV of France , , and mints and population increase andRadulf of West Francia –and royal authority territorial identity–and urban economy , and Viking attacks see also Arnulf I; BaldwinI; Baldwin II;

  Baldwin IV; Magyarsfleets

  Byzantine , , , –, , , ,

  Muslim , Venetian , ,

  Fleury, monastery , , , , , –Flodoard of Rheims

  Annales , –and Burgundy and Italy and Lotharingia , and Radulfand West Francia , –, , ,

  De triumphis Christi Historia Remensis ecclesiae , , –, , ,

  , –and historiography , , , , –

  Florennes, battle () fodrum (regnal dues) , , Folcuin of Lobbes, , –Formosus, pope –fortification

  and military policy refuge , –, residential , , , –, of towns ,–, , , , , see also incastellamento; residence

  Fortūn ibn Muh. ammad Fossier, Robert , –, , France

  and historiography –, , and literacy and markets and monarchy ,and serfs silver mines

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• Index

  and towns –, , trade –, see also Burgundy; West Francia

  Francia media see LotharingiaFrancia occidentalis see WestFranciaFrancia orientalis see East FranciaFranconia

  and Arnulf of Bavaria and Arnulf of Carinthia –and Conradines ,–and East Frankish monarchy , , and Henry II and Otto I –, andpopulation increase see also Babenbergers

  Frankfurt, and Otto I Franks

  unity , , , , , , –see also Carolingians; East Francia; West

  FranciaFratres presbyteri, sermon Fraxinetum

  Byzantine attack , , and Saracen raids ,

  Frederick I of Upper Lotharingia , , ,

  Frederick of Mainz , , Frederick of Salzburg –freedom, personal–

  restrictions on , and servitude –

  freemen , Frideruna (wife of Charles the Simple) ,

  Fried, J. , friendship, political see amicitiaFrisia

  hunter-gatherer tribes and Lotharingia and Otto I and trade

  Frithegod, Breuiloquium vitae beati Wilfredi Friuli, march,political role , Fromund of Tegernsee Fruela II of León, andsuccession disputes ,

  , fueros , Fulbert of Chartres , , , , ,

  letters and William of Aquitaine

  Fulk the Good of Anjou Fulk le Réchin Fulk Nerra of Anjou –, , ,–,

  n.Fulk the Red of Anjou –Fulk of Rheims , , funerals, royal –furtrade , , –, , , –,

  Al-Fust.āt. –, trade ,

  fyrd ,

  Gabriel-Radomir of Bulgaria , Gaeta, duchy , –

  and co-rulers and princely authority , , and trade , , ,

  Galiciaand Córdoba , , and León , , , , , –, ,

  , Gallus Anonymus , n., , Gandersheim

  royal convent , , , , , –see also Hrotsvitha

  García I of León , García Fernandez of Castile , –, ,

  García Gomez of Carrion García Gomez of León García Gomez ofSaldaña García Sánchez I of Pamplona-Navarre , ,

  , , , García Sánchez II (‘the Trembler’) of Pamplona-

  Navarre García Sánchez III of Pamplona-Navarre García Sánchez ofCastile –García Sánchez of Gascony Garigliano, Saracen base , –

  Byzantine attack , , and papacy

  Garin le Lorrain –Gascony

  and Aquitaine –, and the church cultural and ethnic identity ,dukes , and Hugh Capet and Pamplona-Navarre , , , and princelyauthority , –, and sources , and Viking attacks , and West Francia, –,

  gastald, in southern Italy , , , –, ,–

  Gausfred of Roussillon-Empuries Gauzlin of Fleury n., , –Gauzlinof Toul Gauzlin of Verdun Gebhard of Constance –Gebhard, duke ofLotharingia , , Geertz, Clifford genealogies, as source , Genoa,and trade , , Geoffrey Grisegonelle of Anjou –, ,

  –,

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• Geoffrey Martel , , –George I of Georgia Georgia

  and Byzantium , and Khazars

  Gerald of Aurillac –, Life , , , , and Odo of West Francia

  Gerald of Toul Gerard of Augsburg, Vita santi Oudalrici , ,

  Gerard of Brogne , –, , Gerard of Cambrai I , , Gerard ofCsanád

  Deliberatio supra hymnum trium puerorum and Hungary

  Gerard of Saint-Médard Gerberga

  and Berthold of Bavaria as wife of Gislebert of Lotharingia ,,

  as wife of Louis IV , , , ,

  Gerberga (wife of Albert of Vermandois) Gerberga (wife ofHermann of Suabia) Gerbert of Aurillac , ,

  and historiography –, and Hugh Capet , and Life of Adalbert ofPrague and Otto II , and Otto III , , , as Pope Sylvester II , , –,, ,

  , –school

  Gerbert of Rheims , , , , letters , ,

  Gerhard of Augsburg see Gerard of AugsburgGerhard of Metz , ,Germany

  map –see also East Francia

  Gero Codex –Gero of Cologne , , Gero, Margrave , , –

  and Elbe Slavs , , , , and Gernrode convent –as margrave –andMiesco of Poland ,

  Gesta Apollonii –Gesta Berengarii Gesta comitum BarcinonensiumGéza of Hungary , , –Ghālib b. �Abd al-Rah. mān , –, ,

  Ghent, importance –Gibuin of Châlons Gibuin (son of Richard leJusticier) gift-giving ,

  Gilbert (heir of Hugh the Black) Gisela (wife of Henry ofBavaria) Gisela (wife of Stephen I) –, , Giselher of MagdeburgGislebert of Burgundy Gislebert of Lotharingia

  and Charles the Simple and Henry I , , –, , and monastic reform, and Otto I , , –and Radulf

  Gislebert of the Meuse Gisulf I of Salerno , , Glastonbury, asroyal cult-centre , , ,

  , Gnëzdowo, development Gniezno

  Bohemian capture and the church , –as Polish capital , , , , ,,

  and Prague and support for monarchy and trade

  Godfrey of Metz , , , Godfrey of Verdun Gojslav of Croatiagold

  in book illustration in coinage , , in precious objects –,–trade in , , ,

  Gombaud of the Gascons Gonzalo Muñoz of Galicia –Gopl-ani tribe, , Gorze, monastery

  and hagiography and liturgy , and monastic reform , , –, –,

  , , , Gothia , , , , –, government –

  and the church –of the church –and cultural differences –royal–

  Gozelo I of Lower Lotharingia grammar –Gran, and support formonarchy , Granada, and S. anhājā Berbers gravarium (tax) GreatMoravia see MoraviaGreece

  Bulgarian attacks Byzantine rule , , ,

  Greek , , , Gregory III, pope

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• Index

  Gregory IV, pope Gregory V, pope –,

  and Crescentii and Hungary and liturgy and Otto III , , , ,

  Gregory VII, pope, and Henry IV Gregory Master , Gregory ofSaint-Sever Guadbert, Epitoma Prisciani –Guaimar I of Salerno ,Guaimar II of Salerno , Guaimar III of Salerno Guaimar IV of CapuaGuarimbotus Guido of Arezzo , guilds

  craft merchant –,

  Guillot, Oliver Guillou, A. n.Gunzelin of Meissen Gunzo ofNovara Gwynedd, kingdom, and royal government

  –Gyula of Hungary , , Gyula of Transylvania ,

  Hadwig (daughter of Henry of Bavaria) –

  Hadwig (wife of Hugh the Great) , , ,

  Hagano , , , –, hagiography

  and intellectual life , –, , as source , , –, , , verse , –,

  Haithabu, and trade , , , –Al-H. ajar (�Abd Allah b. �Abdal-�Azı̄z) Al-H. akam II al-Mustans.ir, caliph

  and administration and army and Castile –and León library , andNorth Africa –, and succession ,

  Al-H. ākim, caliph Hallinger, Kassius Hamburg-Bremen,archdiocese –, , ,

  H. ammūdı̄s Harald III of Norway, marriage Harald Bluetooth ofDenmark

  and Christianisation , and fortresses , and grave-monument ,

  and Normandy and royal government –,

  Harald Fairhair of Norway harmscar Hartwig of Salzburg , Al-H.asan b. �Alı̄ al-Kalbı̄ Al-H. asan b.�Ammār al-Kalbı̄ Al-H. asanb. Qannūm Hasday ibn Shaprut Hatto of Mainz , Head, T.Heimskringla Helena (wife of Constantine VII) Helgaud of Fleury

  and Denmark Life of Robert the Pious , , , ,

  Hellas, Magyar attacks Helmold of Bosau Henry I of Bavaria , ,,

  and Bohemia marriage and rebellion against Otto I , , , ,

  , , Henry I of France , –

  and Burgundy , marriage

  Henry I of East Francia , , , –and amicitia , , –, andaristocracy , –and Bavaria , , –, and Bohemia , , –, and Charlesthe Simple , , , and the church , , , , and Conrad I , , , andDanes death as duke of Saxony , –, –, and Elbe Slavs –and Franciaet Saxonia –, and Heribert of Vermandois –and Italy and Lotharingia–, –, and Magyars –, , , –and regalia , and royal cults of saintsand royal marriages –, , , ,

  and Slavs , , and Suabia and succession ,

  Henry II, Emperor , –and aristocracy and Bavaria , , , , andBohemia , –and book production , –and Burgundy , and Byzantium

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• Henry II, Emperor (cont.)canonisation –and the church

  and bishoprics –, and book production , monastic reform , –,

  coronation , death , , , diplomata and Elbe Slavs , andgovernment –and historiography –, –and Hungary –, , , , andimperial kingship –imperium and regnum –and Italy , , –, –, andLotharingia , , , , and papacy –, –and Poland , , –, , and regaliaand Saxony , –, , succession to Otto III –, , , and trade –, andWilliam V of Aquitaine

  Henry II (‘the Quarrelsome’) of Bavaria –and Bohemia and Hungary, marriage minority , and minority of Otto III , –, ,

  and Poland rebellion against Otto II , , , and Saxony –, –andSlavs

  Henry III, Emperorand Bohemia and book production and Burgundyand papacy ,

  Henry IV, Emperorand Gregory VII and Saxony and uncultivatedland

  Henry IV of Bavaria see Henry II, EmperorHenry V, Emperor, andSaxony Henry V of Bavaria Henry (Henry-Odo), duke of Burgundy ,

  , , , Henry of Louvain Henry of Schweinfurt , , Henry (son ofStephen of Hungary) –Henry of Stade –Henry ‘the Younger’ ofCarinthia , ,

  Henry of Trier Henry the Wrangler see Henry II (‘the

  Quarrelsome’) of Bavaria

  Heraclius, Byzantine emperor , heresy

  and laity and monasticism see also Bogomils

  Heribert I of Vermandois Heribert II of Vermandois ,

  and Charles the Simple , , and Henry I –and Hugh the Great andLouis IV , –, –and principality of Flanders –and Radulf of WestFrancia , ,

  –Heribert (chancellor of Otto III) , Heribert the Old of Omois ,, , Heribert the Young of Troyes , Heriger of Lobbes , Heriveus ofRheims Hermann Billung , , –, , , ,

  Hermann of Hamburg-Bremen Hermann of the Reichenau Hermann I ofSuabia , , , , Hermann II of Suabia –, , hermits , –, , , Hervé ofAutun Hevelli, conquest , –hide , Hierotheus of Tourkia , Hilarion,metropolitan of Rus′ Hildibald of Worms , Hilward of HalberstadtHimerios (Byzantine commander) Hincmar of Rheims , ,

  De ecclesiis et capellis Hishām II (‘al-Mu�ayyad’), caliph

  and Ibn Abı̄ Āmir –and al-Mahdı̄ –

  Hishām b. Muh. ammad Hispania see SpainHistoria Silensehistoriography

  Marxian , , Normanist –�Romanist’ tenth-century , , –

  Bavarian English –and eschatology , –French , –German , ItalianLotharingian Norman Ottonian , , –Russian Saxon , –

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• Index

  twentieth-centuryand Carolingian continuity –, cultural approachand encellulement , –and periodisation , , traditions –, , ,

  see also hagiographyhistory

  cultural/intellectual –, –economic and hagiography andinterpretative schemata xiii–xiv, , –,

  , political xiii, , , –

  and ritual religious –social –

  Hodo, Margrave and Miesco of Poland ,

  Hoffmann, Hartmut –, Hohenaltheim, synod () , , , ,

  Holme, battle () Holy City, as model Holy Cross, relics , , HolyLance , , , , , –Holy Sepulchre, replicas –Honoratiae civitatisPapie see Instituta regaliahouse (dwelling) see residencehouse(unit: Haus, maison, domus) –household, royal Hrotsvitha ofGandersheim , , –,

  , Abraham –Calimachus –Gesta Ottonis , , Primordia coenobiiGandeshemensis , ,

  –Hucbald of Saint-Amand, Vita sancta Rictrudis

  Hugh I of Dijon Hugh II of Atuyer Hugh the Abbot , , Hugh ofArles see Hugh of ItalyHugh of Beauvais Hugh the Black (son ofRichard le Justicier) ,

  , , Hugh of Burgundy see Hugh of ItalyHugh Capet, king of France, , , ,

  –and aristocracy –and Byzantium and Catalonia –, , , , andCharles of Lotharingia , , , ,

  and the church , , , and coinage as duke of the Franks , ,

  and kingship , , and Lothar IV of France –, –,

  and Lotharingia –, marriage , , , and northern principalities ,, and Senlis assembly –and southern principalities –, , ,

  , , –Hugh of Chalon , Hugh of Chaumontois Hugh of Empuries Hughof Farfa , –Hugh of Francia see Hugh the GreatHugh the Great

  and Aquitaine , , , , –and Blois and Anjou –and Brittany andBurgundy , , , and Charles the Simple and church and state as dukeof the Franks , , and justice and Liudprand and Lothar IV , andLouis IV , , –, –, , ,

  and Normandy and Otto I , , and Radulf –, and relics andSaxony

  Hugh of Italy and aristocracy , –, –and Arnulf of Bavaria –andBerengar II –, , –and Burgundy –, , and Byzantium , –, , asimperator and Louis IV and Magyars marriage , , , , and monasticreform , and Rudolf II –,

  Hugh of Lusignan, and William V of Aquitaine

  Hugh of Provence see Hugh of ItalyHugh of Rheims , , , Hugh (sonof Robert II) Hugh of Tuscany , Humbert of Parma Humbert of Tuscany, , hundred ,

  courts Hunfridings , Hungary , –

  and aristocracy , , army ,

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• Hungary (cont.)and Arnulf of Carinthia –, Arpad rulers , , andBavaria –, , , Black Hungary , and Bohemia –and Bulgaria , , , , ,–and Byzantium –, , –, , ,

  , –, –Carolingian inheritance , Christianisation , , –, , ,,

  , , –, , and the church , , –and Conrad II and Croatiaeleventh-century succession –and empire , and Great Moravia andHenry I and Henry II –, , historiography and kingship , –, , –

  royal government royal regalia , , , , titles –

  and Lotharingia and Moravia and nomadism –and Otto I , and OttoIII , , , , –and papacy , , , , and Poland , and Rus′ and seniorate–sources , , , –, –, and state formation , –, –Taksony and Géza–territory –tribes –, see also Arpád; Géza; Magyars; Stephen;

  TaksonyHunifred of Pallars hunter-gatherers , , –, –hymns ,Hywel Dda of Wales , , ,

  Iaropolk (brother of Vladimir) Iaroslav (‘the Wise’) of Kiev ,–, Ibn �Abbād, Muh. ammad b. Ismā�ı̄l Ibn Abı̄ �Āmir(‘al-Mans.ūr’), Muh. ammad ,

  –, , army –, and Catalonia , , and Christian states , –, , andjihād , and Madı̄nat al-Zāhirah , and North Africa –

  and Sicily and Tujı̄bı̄s , , ,

  Ibn Abı̄ Khanzı̄r (Al-H. asan b. Ah. mad) Ibn Abı̄’l-FawārisIbn al-Andalusı̄ , Ibn al-Athı̄r Ibn Fad. lān , , Ibn H. afs.ūn,�Umar, and �Abd al-Rah. mān –Ibn Haijan Ibn al-H. ajjāj IbnHawqal –, , , Ibn H. ayyān, Muqtabis , , , , , ,

  Ibn Idhārı̄ Ibn Khaldūn Ibn Khordādhbeh , Ibn Marwānal-Jillı̄qı̄ Ibn Rusta –Ibrāhı̄m �Abd-Allāh Ibrāhı̄m ibnYa�qūb

  and Bohemia and Bulgaria , –and coinage and Poland , and Prague, ,

  IcelandChristianisation government , sagas ,

  iconoclasm Iconoclastic Controversy iconography , , , , –, , Ida(daughter of Hermann of Suabia) Idrisids of North Africa , ,Ifrı̄qiyyah see Morocco; North Africa; TunisiaIgor of Rus′ , ,Ilduin of Verona Immo of Chèvremont immunities

  aristocratic episcopal , , –, , , , ,

  monastic

  incastellamento , , , and lordship –, , –, , , ,

  in Lotharingia and royal authority , –in southern Italy –, , andtowns –, and trade in West Francia , ,

  infanticide, ‘hidden’ Ingelheim, synods

  , , ,

  Ingigerd (wife of Iaroslav of Rus′)

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• Index

  inheritancepartible see also primogeniture; seniorate

  Inn, battle () , Innocent III, pope, and cult of saintsinscriptions, runic , Instituta regalia intellectual life –

  in Bavaria –in European periphery –historiography and literature–and the millennium –and monasticism –theatre and poetry , –tropesand hagiography –

  Investiture Contest , Ireland

  and kingships and liturgy and Vikings see also Dublin

  ironand tool-making –, –, trade in and urban development

  Īsā b. Sa�ı̄d al-Yah. s.ubı̄ , Isidore of Seville, HistoriaGothorum Islam

  and Christianity and Khazar khaganate spread Sunni and Shi’a andVolga Bulgars –see also Saracens

  Islamic landsand Byzantium –, , and Caucasus and Europe ,–historiography –and post-Carolingian cultures and Rus′ –and Seljukattacks and slave trade , and trade –, , , , –and urban culture–see also al-Andalus; Catalonia; Córdoba; Sicily

  Israel the Grammarian , Italy, kingdom –,

  and administration , –, –, , ,–, ,

  agriculture , aristocracy –, , , –, , –,

  , , –army and Arnulf of Bavaria , , , –and Arnulf of Carinthia ,, and Bavaria , ,

  and book production and Byzantium , –Carolingian inheritance –,and the church

  and bishops , , –, –, –liturgy –monastic reform –, –,

  and feudal mutation and Henry I and Henry II , , –,–historiography –, house of Spoleto –, house of Tuscany –, andintellectual life –, –, , ,

  –and landholding and literacy , Magyar campaigns –, , , , andOtto I –, –, –, , ,

  –, –, , –, and Otto II –, –, , , and Otto III , , –, –, ,

  –, and papacy particularism and royal power –regionalism , , , ,–, –and regnal dues and royal government –and Rudolf II of Burgundy–, , sources –, and taxation towns , –, and trade , , –see alsoBerengar I; Berengar II; Hugh of Italy;

  Pavia; Rome; Wido of SpoletoItaly, southern –,

  administration –, and agriculture –, and aristocracy –and bookproduction , and Byzantine empire , –, , ,

  , , –, –and Henry II , and intellectual life –Magyar attacks andmonasteries –and Muslim attacks , , , –,

  –, –and Normans , , and Otto I –, , and Otto II –, , , , , andOtto III , , and papacy population growth and princely authority–and private fortifications , sources , ,

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• Italy, southern (cont.)and trade , , –and Venice see alsoAmalfi; Apulia; Calabria; Capua-

  Benevento; Gaeta; Lombardy; Naples;Salerno; Sicily

  Itil′ (Khazar capital) , , , , –ivory, use of , , , , Ivrea

  and Arduin () , –and Berengar II –and Hugh of Italy –politicalrole , ,

  Ja�far b. Yūsuf al-Kalbı̄ , Jantzen, Hans Jaromir (brother ofBoleslav III) –Jerusalem

  liberation pilgrimage to , ,

  Jewsmerchants –, , privileges in Spain

  jihādin al-Andalus , , in Sicily –, , see also Saracens

  Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona-Navarre Johanek, Peter , –John VIII,pope John X, pope , , , , , John XI, pope, and Byzantium John XII,pope

  and Berengar II , and Hungary , and Otto I , –, , ,

  John XIII, pope , , and Otto I , , ,

  John XIV, pope , John XV, pope John XVI, antipope (JohnPhilagathos) , ,

  –, John XVII, pope John XVIII, pope , , John XIX, pope John ofAmalfi John Canaparius John Chryselios , John Cinnamus John ofCluny John the Deacon John the Exarch John of Gorze ,

  and �Abd al-Rah. mān III , , –, , and monastic reform –

  John Kourkouas –,

  John Muzalon John Philagathos ,

  as antipope John XVI , , –, John of Ravenna John of Rila –Johnof Saint-Arnulf –

  Vita Iohannis abbatis Gorziensis –, John of Salerno , , , ,–John of Spoleto John Tzimisces, Byzantine Emperor

  campaigns against Muslims death , and Nikephoros Phokas and OttoI , , and Sviatoslav of Rus′ ,

  John of Vercelli John Vladimir of Dyrrachium John Vladislav ofBulgaria –Jordan, bishop Joseph, Khagan –, Joseph Bringas,parakoimōmenos Judaism, and Khazars , , Judith (wife of Baldwin Iof Flanders) Judith (wife of Henry I of Bavaria) , , Judith (wifeof Louis the Pious) jurisdiction, private , –justice

  local , –and monarchy , –,

  Kabars, and Khazars Kairuan , , Kalbı̄s, in Sicily –Kantorowicz,E. H. Karmates, seizure of power katepano of Italy , –, –Kaupang,and trade –, Keller, Hagen Kennedy, Hugh –Keynes, Simon –Khalı̄l b.Ish. āq Khalı̄l b. Ish. āq b. Ward Al-Khandaq, battle () ,Kharijite Muslims Khazar khaganate ,

  army and Bosporos , , and Bulgars , –, and Byzantium –, –,–defeat dual kingship and Islam and Judaism , , and Magyars , andnomadism , and Rus′ –, as Russia’s first medieval state , , –

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• Index

  sources –and trade , , , –and tribute payments , , ,

  Khusraw II (Turkic leader) Kiev

  Cathedral of St Sophia and Christianisation establishment ,gates growth , Iaroslav’s City and industry and Khazars and nomads, Polish capture as political centre –and trade , , , Vladimir’sCity , see also Rus′

  kingdomsindivisibility –, , , , and kingship –

  kingshipand aristocracy –, , , –, ,

  and the church –, –, –, , ,

  , and devolution of power –and eschatology –and ethnicity andiconography , –, , images –itinerant , –, , –, , , and kingdom –andritual , –, and royal cults , , –, , , ,

  –, –and royal government –, –and royal rituals –, , –sacral –,and succession –,

  kinship structure –see also clan; family; lineage; tribe

  Kizo (Saxon noble) –Klebel, Ernst knights Koblenz, synod () , –,Komi-Permians (Finno-Ugrian people) Komi-Zyrians (Finno-Ugrianpeople) Koppány/Calvus Laizlaus of Hungary –Kourim, and tradeKrakras of Pernik –Krautheimer, R. –Kresimir III of Croatia Kubrat(Bulgar leader) Kunigunde (wife of Henry II) , , , ,

  ,

  Kunigunde (wife of Luitpold of Bavaria andConrad I) ,

  Kurszán of Hungary

  Lacarra, J. M. Laidulf of Capua laity

  and cult of saints –and episcopal property , , –and monasteries, –, –, participation and royal rituals ,

  Lambert of Hainault , , Lambert of Louvain Lambert of MilanLambert of Spoleto –Lambert of Tuscany land

  clearance –, , size of holdings –, values

  land-management –Landenulf of Capua , landownership

  allodial –, , , , , , , , ,,

  and bookland , and the church , , , –, –, and the family Jewishand nobility , and wealth

  Landric of Nevers , –Landulf I of Capua-Benevento , , ,

  –, , Landulf II of Capua-Benevento Landulf III ofCapua-Benevento , , Landulf IV of Capua Landulf of MilanLangobardia see Apulia; LombardyLanguedoc

  and castle-building and Catalonia , and coinage and monasticreform and population increase and Raymond III Pons and ruralsociety , , , , sources , and Truce of God see also Toulouse

  Lantfred of Winchester , Laon, diocese, and episcopal estatesLapps , , –Lasko, Peter Last World Emperor Latin , –, –, , –,

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• Latium, history laudatio parentum Laurence of Cassino law

  codes ecclesiastical Gothic , , legislation as historical source–Lombard , Roman , , royal –, written see also canon law

  Lechfeld, battle ()and Bavaria , , and Conrad the Red asdecisive , , , , and East Frankish army and Otto I , , , , ,

  Ledgarde of Rouergue (wife of Borrell II ofBarcelona)

  legatio/legatus Legend of Christian legislation see lawLeinster,and overkingship Lemarignier, J.-F. , n., , , Lemuzi tribe LenditLendizi tribe –, , Lenzen, battle () , , Leo III, pope , , Leo VI(‘the Wise’), Byzantine Emperor ,

  and army –and the church –and Italy and laws , –, and Louis IIIof Provence marriages , and Symeon of Bulgaria , , , –,

  Tactica , , , see also Book of the Eparch

  Leo VII, pope , , Leo VIII, antipope , , Leo IX, pope, reformingcouncils Leo, archpriest Leo Cho*rosphaktes –Leo (papal scribe) LeoPhokas (son of Nikephoros) –, –,

  , Leo of Synada –, Leo of Tripoli , , Leo of Vercelli , , , ,León, kingdom –

  and �Abd al-Rah. mān , , –, administration , –and aristocracy ,, –, –,

  and Castile , –, , –, –charters , , , and the church and Córdoba–, –, , , –frontiers –, , –, fueros kings , –, and kingship

  royal government succession , , –,

  and literature and Pamplona-Navarre , –, , ,

  –, –population movements , and rural society and slave revolt ()sources , –, , –,

  Leonardi, Claudio , , –Leopold (margrave of Bavaria) Leotold ofMâcon Lestek of Poland Letald of Micy

  Liber miraculorum Sancti Maximini Miciacensis–

  Within piscator –Letgardis (wife of Otto of Burgundy) letters,as sources Leuthoricus of Sens Lex Baiuuariorum Leyser, Karllibellarii (Italy) Liber pontificalis Liber Tramitis libraries , –,, –, Liège

  and church music development , , –

  Life of Methodius Lindisfarne Gospels lineage (gens; Geschlecht)–

  male , Lintzel, Martin Listven′, battle () , literacy

  decline , –, and government and law , lay and trade , see alsowriting

  literaturevernacular , , , see also hagiography; historiography;poetry

  Lithuania, and Christianisation Litomeri tribe liturgy –

  and architecture –

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• Index

  and art –and chant –, and kingship , , , Mozarabic and sequencesand tropes –

  Liubice, and trade Liudgard (daughter of Otto I) Liudgard (wifeof Louis the Younger) –,

  Liudolf of Saxony –, Liudolf of Suabia (son of Otto I) ,

  and Italy , –and Magyars , rebellion , , –, , ,

  Liudolfing dynastyin Bavaria , and empire , , –, andindivisibility of kingdom –and monastic reform –in Saxony –, , seealso Henry I of East Francia; Henry II,

  EmperorLiudprand of Cremona ,

  Antapodosis , , , , –and Berengar II of Italy , , and Byzantinecourt –and historiography –, , –and Hugh of Italy , –and Hungary ,and intellectual life , and kingship Legatio Liberde rebus gestisOttonis magni imperatoris mission to Constantinople , , ,

  –, –, and papacy , Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana ,and southern Italy –and trade , , ,

  Liutfrid (Mainz merchant) Liutgard (wife of Conrad the Red)Liutgard (wife of Louis the Younger) Liuthar, margrave , Liutizicconfederation

  and Bohemia –, and Henry II , , and Ottonians , –

  Liutwald of Vercelli Lombard, Maurice Lombardy

  and agriculture and Bavaria , and book production and Byzantium, –, –, –,

  –, –, , , –and castle-building and law ,

  and Magyar attack and Ottonians –, , , and population increaseand princely authority , and Rudolf II , and rural society , , andslave trade and succession and towns see also Capua-Benevento;Salerno; Spoleto-

  CamerinoLondon

  and Alfred the Great , and trade , , ,

  lordshipand castle-building , , –, and imperial kingship ,legitimation , –and markets , –, , and monastic reform , , –, andserfdom –signs and towns –see also aristocracy; seigneurie

  Lot, Ferdinand Lothar I, Emperor

  and imperial Burgundy and liturgy and Lotharingia , andpapacy

  Lothar II, Emperorand Burgundy , , and Lotharingia

  Lothar, king of West Franciaand Aquitaine , –, and aristocracy ,–and bishops and Burgundy , , and Catalonia , and Charles ofLotharingia , , ,

  and charters , , , and Flanders , , funeral and Hugh Capet –, –,and justice and kingship –, and Lotharingia –, , , marriage , , andOtto II , –, and Otto III , and succession , and trade ,

  Lothar of Italy and Berengar II –, , , marriage , , , , andmonastic reform

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• Lotharingia –, - –, –, –‒ , –‒ , , –and al-Andalus aristocracy–, , –, –and Arnulf of Carinthia , and art –borders –, andcastle-building and Charles the Simple , , –, ,

  and the church

  bishops , , –, –landholdings monastic reform , , ,monasticism

  and Conradines , , division , , ducal families and East Francia–, –, economic growth –and Frankish unity and Henry I –, –, andHenry II , , , and intellectual life , , –landholdings , languagesand Lothar IV of France –, , , and Louis IV , , Lower –, –andMagyars , , and markets , and Otto I , , –and Otto II , –, and OttoIII , and Ottonian unity and Radulf of West Francia , sources andTheophanu and towns , , –trade , as transit region –Upper , –andWest Francia , –, , –,

  , , –, –see also Aachen; Brun of Cologne; Dietrich I of

  Upper Lotharingia; Frederick I of UpperLotharingia; Gislebert ofLotharingia;Zwentibald

  Loud, G. A. –Louis I (‘the Pious’), Emperor

  and Burgundy and empire , , and Jews and Lotharingiamarriage

  and monastic reform , and papacy ,

  Louis II, Emperor , Louis II (‘the Stammerer’) of West Francia,

  Louis III (‘the Blind’)

  and Arnulf of Carinthia and Carolingian inheritance , as emperor, as king of Italy , –, as king of Provence , –, , , marriage ,

  Louis IV (‘d’Outremer’) of West Franciaand Æthelstan , , andaristocracy , –, and Burgundy , , and charters and the church andduchy of the Franks , and Heribert of Vermandois , , ,

  –and Hugh the Great , , –, –,

  , , and kingship –, and Lotharingia , , marriage , and Normandy–, and Otto I , –, , and papacy and southern principalities , –

  Louis IV (‘the Child’), of East Francia –and Bavaria , andLotharingia –and Magyars , marriage and Saxony ,

  Louis V of West Franciaand Aquitaine –and Catalonia as co-ruler, , , death and Lotharingia marriage , , , –

  Louis the Blind see Louis III (‘the Blind’)Louis the German

  and Bavaria –, –and Bulgaria and Hungarian attack and marriagealliances ,

  Louis the Pious see Louis I (‘the Pious’)Louis (son of Radulf ofWest Francia) Louis the Younger of East Francia , –,

  Lucania, and Byzantium , , –Ludat, H. Ludmila (wife of Borivoj), Luitpirc (wife of Tassilo III)

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• Index

  Luitpold of Bavaria, margrave , , Luitpolding dukes

  and Bavaria , , , , –and empire , genealogical table

  Luke of Armento, St –Lupus Aznar of Gascony Lusatia, and Poland–, Luxemburg dynasty , , luxury goods

  production , trade in , , , , , , , ,

  Macedonia, and Bulgaria , , , McKitterick, Rosamond , –Madı̄natal-Zāhirah , , Madı̄nat al-Zahrā , , , , Magdeburg

  archbishopric , , –, , , –,

  cathedral diocese and monarchy , , , , monastery , and trade,

  Magi, as kings Magyar language , Magyars

  and Arnulf of Bavaria , , , –,, ,

  campaigns , , , –in Aquitaine in Balkans in Bavaria , , , –, ,,

  , , in Italy –, , , , –, , in Lotharingia , , in Moravia , inSaxony , –in Spain in Suabia , , in Thuringia , in West Francia –,, , ,

  defeat see Lechfeld, battleand Luitpold as mercenaries , inRussia , , tribes see also Hungary

  Al-Mahdı̄, Muh. ammad b. H. ishām, caliph –Mainz, councils

  Maiolus of Cluny , , –, , Maksān (Zirid leader) Mal ofDerevlianians Malcanus, Dialogus de statu sanctae ecclesiae –

  Malcolm of Scotland, and Edmund of England

  Manasses ‘l’Ancien’ , , , –mancipia mandylion –, Manigold, andrelics Manso of Amalfi , , Manso of Monte Cassino –, Al-Mans.ūr,caliph of Baghdad Al-Mans.ūr of Córdoba see Ibn Abı̄ �Āmir(‘al-

  Mans.ūr’)mansus , –manuscripts

  collection illuminated , , –, production –, –, , –

  marches see marchionesmarchiones see margravesmargraves

  in Bavaria in East Francia , , in Italy –, –in Lotharingia inSaxony –in West Francia

  northern principalities , southern principalities , –, –,

  , , Margut, peace () Mari/Cheremis (Finno-Ugrian people) , Maria(wife of John Vladislav) Maria (wife of Peter of Bulgaria) , ,Marinus II, pope markets

  and lordship , –, , monastic regulation and royal government andrural economy , and towns , –, , –, , ,

  Marozia (wife of Hugh of Italy) , , marquess seemargravesmarriage

  age at –aristocratic , , , , and the church endogamous ,exogamous freedom in French principalities pagan–Christian royal –,, –, , , , ,

  and serfdom

  Martin, St, and monarchy Marwān, caliph Marxism, andhistoriography , ,

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• Mastalus II of Amalfi Mas�ūd b. Tajt Mas�ūdi , Matfrid ofLotharingia Matfriding dukes , , , Mathuédoi of Cornouaille Matildaof Essen –, , Matilda of Quedlinburg , , –Matilda (wife of Conradof Burgundy) , Matilda (wife of Henry I) , , , –, ,

  –, , Maurice, St Mayr-Harting, Henry , –Mazovi/Mazovia , , –,Mediterranean Sea

  and trade –and urban culture –

  Meinwerk of Paderborn , , Melitene, and Byzantium , , Melo ofApulia –mendicant orders Menendo González of Galiciamercenaries

  Magyar , Viking

  merchantsEnglish European –, –, –Greek guilds –, importanceIslamic –, , Jewish –, , privileges –Rus′ –, , and urbandevelopment –, ,

  Merciaand Æthelstan –and the church and Danelaw and Danes –, andEadwig and Edgar –and Edward the Martyr kingship and aristocracyand royal government towns and Wessex –, , , , , –

  Merians (Finno-Ugrian people) –Merseburg, and trade Merseburg,peace () Mesopotamia, and Byzantium , , metal-working –, ,Methodius, St , , , , , Metz, diocese

  and aristocracy and church lands

  and monastic reform –Michael III, Byzantine emperor Michael(Calvus Zyrind) of Hungary , ,

  Michael Psellos , Miecl-aw of Mazovia Miesco I of Poland , ,

  and army and Bohemia , and Christianisation , , death and ElbeSlavs marriage , and Otto I , , , and Otto II and Otto III , , andpapacy and Pomerani , –and Silesia ,

  Miesco II of Polandand collapse of Piast state –death , marriageand royal ritual

  Milan, and trade –, miles milites , , , , , millennium

  and eschatology , , –, and images of monarchy and ‘Terrors’,

  mills –, , , Milo of Verona , Milzen, and Poland –,ministeriales , , , , mints

  and episcopal power –, , and royal government , , , and urbandevelopment –,

  Miro of Roussillon Missal Mistui (Abodrite prince) , , monarchysee kingshipmonasteries

  and educat

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